Autism Essays -- essays research papers

Diagnostic Summary Paper AUTISM Autism is a disorder that impairs the development of a person's capacity to interact with, communicate with, and also maintain regular "normal" bonds with the outside world. This disorder was described in 1943 by Leo Kanner, an American psychologist. Autism is considered one of the more common developmental disabilities, and appears before the age of three. It is known to be four or five times more common in males than in females. It most cited statistic is that autism occurs in 4.5 out of 10,000 live births. The estimate of children having autistic qualities is reported to be 15 to 20 out of 10,000. The gender statement noted before is not uncommon, since many developmental disabilities have a greater male to female ratio. Autistic characteristics are different from birth. Two more common characteristics that may be exhibited are the arching of the back while being held, to avoid contact, and also failing to anticipate being picked up (limpness in the body). Infants with autism are described as being either very passive, or very agitated. Sometimes during infancy there will be cases of head rocking, and or banging, against the crib, but this is not always the case. Approximately one-third of children develop normally until the ages of 1 1/2 to 3, and then the symptoms emerge, referred to as "regressive autism." During childhood, there is a commonality of the affected child insisting routine. The reasoning is that the chil...

Brazil vs. Costa Rica Essay

With the growing global concern for the environment, new products, industries, and sustainable practices have emerged across a number of industries. The industry of tourism on an international and domestic scale is no different. Over the past few decades, the global tourism industry has witnessed an immense increase in travel based on environmentally sound practices, devised to be sustainable . Travellers are becoming increasingly interested in natural environments, cultures, and adventures. For this new market segment activities such as wilderness viewing, wildlife observation and hiking/trekking opportunities have become more popular to a wider base of customers within the tourism and travel industry . This new form of tourism, also known as ecotourism, has also become an integral part of a number of country’s environmental and economic practices . According to Rual Goueva in his article Managing the Ecotourism Industry in Latin America:Challenges and Opportunities, ecotourism is a specific kind of tourism that â€Å"fosters, promotes, and acts as a catalyst for environmental protection †. It is in his view that ecotourism strategies must pay a great deal of attention to the following: (1) economic development, (2) environmental protection, (3) cultural protection, (4) social development and, (5) political development. As a more sustainable form of tourism, ecotourism offers an alternative and highly effective means for developing and developed economies to blend their economies into the global economy and often â€Å"provides incentives to establish sustainable development strategies †. In summary, ecotourism should concentrate on efforts to maximize the benefits of tourism while minimizing the environmental, economic, political, social, and cultural impacts of tourism. Additionally, policies have to be devised to optimize the allocation of resources from ecoturism revenues to preserve and sustain the resource base. It is, however, important to note the lack of a homogeneous definition of eco-tourism activities within the tourism industry and thus difficult to assess its impacts. Under their functional definition, the World Tourism Organization/OMT concluded in 1998 that ecotourism represents about 2 to 4 percent of total global tourism. However, this percentage is estimated to be much larger as the industry has grown almost exponentially in the past few years and the share of ecotourism broadly defined as tourists that travel to observe and enjoy nature has been expanding steadily during the last decade. Another source with a similar functional definition, the International Ecotourism Society (TIES), estimated that ecotourism is expanding by 20% annually, compared with 7% expansion for the tourism industry as a whole. The specific segment of ecotourism generated around USD 154 billion in revenues for the year 2000 . Continuing, TIES also estimates that between 40%-60% of travel around the world is nature-related and that between 20%-40% of tourists are specifically wildlife related tourists . Furthermore, it should be noted that this segment of tourism can have profound affects on a nation’s economy. It has been noted that ecotourism is primarily led by supply side economics rather than demand. In other words, the quality of the ecotourism experience is positively correlated to the level of environmental protection the local ecosystem enjoys. Ecotourism is therefore classified as a normal good or service. Additionally, it is critical that eco-ventures pay specific attention to the level of environmental disturbance and disruption that ecological and social systems can sustain . As it has been noted, any level of interaction and/or intervention with a local ecosystem may have environmental impacts, which must be minimized in order to preserve the nature being enjoyed via ecotourism . As the effects of tourism within natural and/or preserved areas can hinder or help a specific ecosystem, many policy makers around the world are paying much more attention to the regulation of natural areas. Several countries that are trying to find a compromise between economic development and environmental protection are becoming the leaders in Ecotourism. Countries that are rich in natural resources but that are not yet implementing sustainable development strategies are being encouraged to promote activities such as ecotourism . Ecotourism must be approached as a part of a number of initiatives to protect local ecosystems. At the macro level, a nation pursuing ecotourism should include as many federal, state, and local agencies as possible. It has also been noted that ecotourism must be a part of the country overall economic development and growth as well . This paper was intented to examine the economic, environmental and social aspects of two countries currently participating in the industry of ecotourism, Costa Rica and Brazil. However before an analysis can begin, it is necessary to review the formation of ecotourim in each country and examine how, when, and why ecotourism came about. Costa Rica is known as country with rich and robust biodiversity. However, in the past few decades, it has experienced an increase in amount of deforestation within the country . Like a number of developing countries, such as Brazil, Costa Rica has been steadily loosing its lush forests to agricultural uses. Between 1950 and 1990, it was estimated that the country lost about half of its total forest cover due to agricultural development . Furthermore, b the early to mid 1990s, only about 6 percent of the country’s land area (not including parks and nationally recognized protected areas) remained in intact primary forest . However, this rapid decline in forest covering has slowed in recent years with the growth of an internationally renowned national park system; which has preserved over 10 percent of the country’s total primary forests . As of today, Costa Rica has secured land throughout the country for over 25 national parks, reserves, and wildlife refuges for endangered species (as shown in Figure 1. 1, adopted from SOURCE). Along with the government’s formal protection of the land, ecotourism has been said to hinder the rate of deforestation as well. Ecotourism in Costa Rica began in the mid-1980s as a way to stop the deforestation and to generate needed foreign exchange for the economy. Tourism in general in Costa Rica has been one of the most dynamic sectors of the economy. In 1992 tourism earnings totaled $421 million, making it the second largest foreign exchange earner after bananas. Moreover, ecotourism has been rapidly expanding as well accounting for 36 percent of net tourism earnings in 1989. In sum, according to Stacy Small, Production Editor of Caribbean Travel and Life Magazine, â€Å"Costa Rica’s tourism industry has been increasing in size for many years now, and one reason for this upsurge is the appeal of and demand for ecotourism† . Costa Rica has been promoting and expanding its ecotourism industry. The Environmental Secretariat and the Costa Rican Tourism Institute have become largely responsible for the development and coordination of ecotourism policies in the country . Due to a high level of governmental involvement and the formation of societal institutions such as The Environmental Secretariat, Costa Rica has become the primary example of country in Latin America with a successful ecotourism industry. Their rich ecosystem, accounting for an outstanding 5% of the world’s biodiversity, offers the country a natural competitive advantage in the industry . Additionally, ecotourism has become the main motivation for tourists within the country. In the early 1980s, an estimated 370,000 tourists traveled to the country of Costa Rica. By 2002, about 1. 1 million tourists arrived in Costa Rica, with the vast majority, 830,000 people, being ecotourists or individuals participating in nature related travel . The ectourism sector of Costa Rica has become quite diverse, from bird watching to volcano climbing and kayaking. To date, Costa Rica has approximately 25% of its territory under governmental protection, 1. million hectares, with 12% of its territory composed of national parks and privately owned reserves . It should also be noted that the private reserves of Costa Rica utilized for ecotourism are the areas that develop and generate the most income. Take for example the Monteverde Biological Preserve, the habitat of the exotic golden toad, has become famous worldwide and is internationally recognized as one of the best areas of ecotourism in Latin America. Over the last two decades, the Monteverde reserve has earned more income than all other national parks combined with its main source of financing coming from admission fees and grants . Rara Avis is another private reserve that has turned to ecotourism. Rara Avis was opened in 1983, and contains 3,000 acres of primary and secondary forest. It borders on the Braulio Cariilo National Park and the Zona Protetora La Selva, a research station. Private banks financed Rara Avis, and it was the first of its kind in the country. Rara Avis has shown that ecotourism can become a profitable way to manage tropical forest resources. However, in more recent years, Costa Rica has witnessed detrimental side effects of overcrowding in its forest reserves as a result of increased ecotourism. Take for instance the increasingly popular Manuel Antonio Park. Heavy interest in this area has led developers to overbuild, which has threatened the diverse monkey population and other wildlife in the park. On the other hand, ecotourism has been a successful strategy for Cost Rica. Due to its consistency in approach, Costa Rica has successfully promoted an environmentally sound ecotourism industry over the past few decades. Additionally, ecotourism has had an inclusive macroeconomic strategy that benefits local communities, generates jobs as well as revenues, and has inspired further research in the areas of ecology and biodiversity. As a whole, Costa Rica offers a panoramic and pristine view of exactly how ecotourism can benefit a soceity, local communities, and the environment. Beginning of ecotourism in Brazil Ecotourism was first introduced in Brazil, on the governamental level, in 1985, when the Brazilian Institute of Tourism (Embratur) started its Ecological Tourism project. The first intention to put things in order was made in 1987 by creating the National Technical Commission, consisting of experts from both the Brazilian Institute for the Enviroment and Renovable Natural Resources (Ibama) and Embratur. The main goal of the commission was to monitor the Ecological Tourism project, as a reaction on ecotourism observed at that time, which was little organized and not at all sustainable. Although, the efforts made by govermnent were not sufficient to end with barriers between theory and practice of ecotourism. The principal problem was the lack of a unified concept of a segment, i. e. no existing criteria, regulation and incentives that would direct firms and investors and the government itself to promote and use effectively the natural assets of a country, and to protect them at the same time. As a consequence, the ecotourism in Brazil used to be an activity without any mark of order and very confused, where the main objective was to generate a profit, totally ignoring its other aspects, like socioeconomic and environmental benefits for the country. The brazilian ecotourism in the late 80s and early 90s was more likely the regular tourism which used the ecologic aspect just to sell better. Environmental experts referred to it as an â€Å"eco-opportunismâ€Å". Creating legal framework for ecotourism In 1994, a workgroup of experts of all ministries involved (Ministry of Environment, Imdustry, Commerce and Tourism) met in Goias Velho, Goias, to create a document â€Å"Directives for National Ecotourism Policyâ€Å". With this document, they set a legal framework for ecotourism in Brazil, which was defined: Ecotourism is a segment of tourism activity which uses, in a sustainable way, natural and cultural assets, incentives their conservation and looks for a creation of an ervironmental consciousness throught the interpretation of an environment and promoting the welfare of communities involved at the same time. This definition and all the other directives were created with favourable to a profitable tourism connected to environmental and cultural peculiarities of Brazil. The effort was made to assure growth of this particular branch of tourism all over Brazil, with the following criteria what ecotourism should do: -Provide better life conditions for communities in the areas of ecotourism. -Promote valuation of the environment -Create wealth and promote employment To make an opportunity to learn about natural and cultural assets in order to promote knowledge of new generations. Another important decision was made at the meeting – the government should start to cooperate with various NGOs and, together, educate prospective employers in the sector of ecotourism. The opinions of NGOs were often accepted by government in the process of building adequate infrastructure to promote sustainable growth of ecotourism in Brazil. Setting the principles Last but not least, the main concerns regarding ecotourism in Brazil were defined and published as a list of actions recommended to promote the sector in the whole country. : 1. Regulation of ecotourism – The necessity of its own legal framework, harmonized with both state and federal laws. 2. Institutional Interaction – Intensification of exchanging information and experience between governamental institutions and private sector. 3. Human Resources Creation – Education and training of personnel to work in an area of ecotourism. 4. Quality control – Creation of tools for observation, evaluation and improvement of ecotourism including both public and private sector. 5. Distribution of information – Creation of a database with the access for all national and various international institutions involved, including indicators monitoring the evolution of ecotourism. 6. Incentives to develop ecotourism – Promotion and stimulation of economic activity in the sector together with infrastructure in order to provide high quality services, especially in priority ecotourism destinations. . Information for tourists – providing the tourists knowledge about the destination they visit to make them respect the local environment. 8. Participation of communities – Make people living in major ecotourism destinations participate in the sector and modify their lifestyle to increase sustainability of the area. With the help of mentioned governamental regulation and cooperation between state instituti ons and many NGOs, the ecotourism grew by 15 % a year until 2000, while the tourism as a whole only grew 3 % anually. There were created ecotourism destinations in all brazilian states and the rigorous control has contributed to a sustainability of the sector and to protection of natural assets of Brazil. Costa Rica – Present part The tourism boom in Costa Rica began in 1987 (Crist Inman, 1997) with the number of visitors up from 329,000 in 1988, through 1 million in 1999, to 1. 9 million foreign visitors in 2007, allowing the country to earn US $1. 9 billion in that year (World Tourism Barometer, 2008). By 2002, about 1. 1 million tourists arrived in Costa Rica, with about 830,000 of them being ecotourists (Saenz, 2001). Thus, tourism in Costa Rica has since 1999 been one of Costa Rica’s most important industries exemplified by the fact that it earns more foreign exchange than traditional commodities such as pineapples, banana and coffee combined (Departamento de Estadisticas ICT (2006) (need statistics on that ). In 2001, ecotourism accounted for an annual growth rate of 20-30 percent (Dasenbruck, 2001). Today, being the nation’s principal industry, ecotourism contributes an estimated US $825mn to the economy annually as well as a 19 % increase in the number of tourists visiting in 2005 (â€Å"Ecotourism can be good business! , 2006). Economic impact The Travel ; Tourism industry in Costa Rica encompasses transport, accommodation, catering, recreation and services for visitors. Below are presented some macroeconomic indicators in relation to the industry. GDP The Travel ;Tourism industry is expected to contribute directly 5. 3% to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2008 (CRC778. 8 bn or US$1,466. 2 mn), rising in nominal terms to CRC2,005. 5 bn or US$2,639. 2 mn (5. 8% of total) by 2018. Additionally, according to WTTC the real growth of T;T in Costa Rica is forecasted to see a real rise of 1,2 % (US$ 3,769) in the economy GDP in 2008. Moreover, real GDP growth is expected to grow at an average of 4,7 % per annum over the coming 10 years. Employment The T;T economy contribution to employment is expected to rise from 258. 000 jobs in 2008, which represents 13,1 % of total employment, or 1 in every 7. 6 jobs to 359. 000 representing 14,4 % of total employment or 1 in every 6. 9 jobs by 2018 (WTTC, 2008). Visitor exports Export earnings from international and visitors are expected to generate 17,1 % of total exports (US $ 2,270,8 mn) in 2008 growing, in nominal terms, to 16,8 % (US$ 4,369,3 mn) of total exports in 2018 (WTTC, 2008). Investment Travel ; Tourism Capital Investment is estimated at CRC515. 0 bn, US$969. 5 mn or 15. 1 % of total investment in year 2008. By 2018, this should reach CRC1,225. 1 bn, US$1,612. 2 mn or 15. 6 % of total (WTTC, 2008). Foreign investment has had a major role to play in the development of the Costa Rican ecotourism industry. It was both politically and financially supported by the IMF, The World Bank and USAID. For instance, in 2001 the World Bank approved a US $40 mn loan of which most of it focused on ecotourism (Dasenbruck, 2001). Given that Costa Rica has a solid credit rating with international lenders along with international support from the abovementioned institutions gives the country a degree of financial stability in handling substantial costs in the development of the ecotourism industry. Government Government Travel ; Tourism operating expenditures in Costa Rica in 2008 are expected to total CRC122. 9 bn (US$231. 3 mn), or 6. 2% of total government spending. In 2018, this spending is forecast to total CRC396. 1 bn (US$521. 3 mn), or a 6. 4% share (WTTC, 2008). I’ll add more here about government institutions and initiatives, laws, regulations†¦. Ecotourism and the environment Behind ecotourism lies the idea of preserving a nation’s natural resources while profiting from them (Dasenbruck, 2001). Similarly to Brazil, ecotourism is overall considered to be beneficial to the environment compared to conventional forms of tourism e. g. mass tourism, exemplified by Cancun in Mexico with 4,000 room hotel resorts. One of the reasons that ecotourism in Costa Rica enjoys such high importance economically is because there exists a strong environmental lobby based in the â€Å"green industry† (Dasenbruck, 2001. This lobby recognizes the long-term benefits of aintaining an environmentally friendly image and therefore it supports most of the government’s conservation initiatives. Some, however, argue that ecotourism is an oxymoron, since travel at its base is detrimental to the environment. Airplane fossil fuels and the pollution coming from jet airplanes are used as examples of evidence, that international travel and environmental protection are mutually exclusive by nature (Dasenbruck, 2002). Ecotourism in Brazil Current Growth Brazilian ecotourism began to grow exponentially after the country woke up to its eco-potential during the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Still, ecotourism in Brazil continues to grow at a rapid pace. While the tourism industry overall grows at a rate of 3% annually, ecotourism is up by 15%. Other areas such as the city of Bonito are experiencing bigger growths of 20-30%. (Planeta) Furthermore, it is estimated that by the year 2010, ecotourism could make up as much as 50% of the travel industry according to Dorival Bruni, president of the non-profit Biosphere society. Considering that one of the largest ecotourism destinations in the world is the Amazon, this estimate is considerably probable. It is estimated by the World Tourism Organization that ecotourism may represent 2-4% of the world’s tourism. In 2000, ecotourism accounted for 10% of Brazilian tourism revenues (Bioesfera, 2001). The next three economic markers show Brazil’s travel and tourism industry’s contribution toward total GDP, employment, and exports. GDP The World Travel & Tourism Council (WTTC) research findings reported that the Travel & Tourism industry is expected to contribute directly 2. 5% to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2008 BRL 70. 6 or US$36. 1bn), rising in nominal terms to BRL157. bn or US$53. 2bn(2. 6% of total) by 2018 (WTTC). Employment Brazil’s Travel & Tourism Economy employment is estimated at 5,500,000 jobs in 2008, 5. 9% of total employment, or 1 in every 16. 9 jobs. By 2018, this should total 7,634,000 jobs, 6. 6% of total employment, or 1 in every 15. 2 jobs (WTTC). Exports Export earnings from international visitors and tourism goods are expected to gener ate 5. 9% of total exports (BRL22. 5 bn or US$11. 5 bn) in 2008, growing (nominal terms) to BRL65. 4 bn or US$22. 1 bn (5. 4% of total) in 2018 (WTTC). Ecotourism and the environment One of the core benefits of ecotourism is the sustainability of the environment thus; ecotourism is an economically productive way to protect Brazil’s natural wonders. Consequently, Brazil’s continued growth of ecotourism is also generating a positive social impact. Local skilled and semi-skilled populations are benefiting the most from this current growth. According to Joao Mireilles Filho, president of the Peabiru Ecotourism Institute and of the Brazilian Ecotourism Institute (IEB), one of the most visited regions in Brazil for ecotourism is the Pantanal region, which is a vast series of wetlands in the upper Paraguay River Basin. The capital of this region, a town called Bonito is the main launching spot for ecotourists. Socially, Bonito accounts for about 2,000 jobs in the sector out of a population of less than 20,000 people. (Planeta) Investments As ecotourism continues to grow, it will provide investment opportunities for private and foreign investors who see the value in this industry. One region of such potential is The Ribeira de Iguape River, one of the most important rivers in the Brazilian southeastern state of Sao Paulo. The Ribeira de Iguape Valley is known for its complex geology and natural riches with a number of limestone caves and important mineral resources. Currently it is still characterized by poverty and underdevelopment however; ecotourism in the region has now a US$ 15 million financing – US$ 9 million from the IDB (Inter-American Development Bank) and US$ 6 million from the government of Sao Paulo for improvement in infra-structure, training and organization. The Monetary International Fund (MIF) provided a $1. 7 million grant to improve the quality and competitiveness of small to medium sized enterprises in the tourist sector. By the year 2010, more than 5,000 firms are in the tourist sector are expected to pursue certification. It is estimated that ecotourism will receive a considerable amount of this grant. (IDB) In February 2006, the IDB approved a loan of $9 million toward improvements in infrastructure, including highways and productive systems in the Atlantic Forest region of the state of Sao Paolo. This project will benefit six parks which will benefit by retaining their visitors and acquiring financial sustainability while protecting their natural wonders. Opportunities One of the biggest areas of opportunity for Brazil is the Amazon region. This region is home to some 20 million people and is known for the biological diversity of its ecosystem and the great diversity of flora and fauna. It has the potential to become one of the largest ecotourism attractions in the world. As a matter of fact, it is 98 times larger than Costa Rica. Unfortunately in 2000 it only earned US400 million in exports which is less than half of Costa Rica’s total revenues during that time. This equates to a meager . 05% of the world’s ecotourism revenues in 2000. One of the biggest challenges facing this region is the lack of infrastructure such as energy power, communication, and transportation. The government taken some steps to ameliorate the situation by launching PROECOTUR (The Program of Development of Eco-Tourism in the Amazon) with the help of the IDB to develop and improve the infrastructure of selected areas in the region. It includes surveying best practices for ecotourism, financing ecotourism projects, developing tourist infrastructure, and assisting investors with technological and financial aid (SCA). Since deforestation has already affected large areas of the Amazon, Proecotur should bring more visitors to the region as well as sustainable revenue. Another project launched was the Poles project by the tourist and travel agency Embrateur in conjunction with the Ecotourism institute in an effort to establish guidelines for the development of ecotourism poles around the country. Brazil vs. Costa Rica Ecotourism in Brazil is still underdeveloped especially in the Amazon region which has tremendous upward potential in terms of providing a greater source of income on both a local and a national level for the Brazilian economy. In exploring various economic, political, and social factors that influence the ability of these countries to expand their ecotourism market, Costa seems to have the better position. In terms of GDP contribution relative to each country’s national economy, Costa Rica 13. 5% doubles Brazil’s 6. 2% indicating that there is significant room for growth for Brazil due to its tremendous size. Consequently, Costa Rica’s employment as well as exports are also incrementally higher at 13. 1% vs. 5. 9% and 17. 1% and 5. 9% respectively. On the other hand, Brazil has a much higher potential in terms of growth largely due to its untapped Amazon region. In terms of Real Growth, Brazil’s future looks bright. In 2008, Brazil is forecast to see Real Growth of 6. 7% in terms of Direct Industry GDP. Nominally, this represents an increase of US$36bn. With regards to Direct Industry Employment, an increase of 6. 4% is expected which means an additional 2,279,000 jobs will be generated. In contrast, Costa Rica is expected to see a Real Growth of -1. 5% in terms of Direct Industry GDP (in nominal terms US$1,466,000mn) and -3. 9% decrease in Direct Industry Employment. Brazil will be able to handle such growth but will need to have a collaborative effort nationally if they want to sustain their current growth. The government certainly plays an important role in the development of ecotourism in Brazil. They must provide the overall policy environment to permit development to proceed along an orderly path, and should welcome the involvement of other sectors. Furthermore, there is a need to teach policy makers the importance of ecotourism as a viable financial profit sanctuary so that policies reflect social and environmental concerns as well as market realities. Next, effective certification programs should be implemented to ensure adequate information of products and services is given to the public. Educating consumers and raising awareness on the importance to protect the national environment should stimulate demand for socially and environmentally friendly products that ecotourism provides. Lastly, significant improvement of Brazil’s logistic resources such as roads, electric power and infrastructure in the Amazon region will be quintessential for the sustainability of Brazil’s ecotourism industry.

Essay about The Good, the Bad and Ugly of Animal...

Student Name Exploratory Paper Professor English 26 March 2012 The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Animal Experimentation Animal experimentation plays an important role in today’s medical and pharmaceutical advances, but many question the morality of such a use of animal life. Whether one argues that testing different products and drugs on animals is necessary or not, this has become an integral part of developing products. From that Tylenol we pop to get rid of our headache to that perfect shade of pink lip gloss, animal testing is used in order to produce the simplest household items. Today, in the United States, it is federal law that requires all pharmaceuticals, food additives, cosmetics, and garden chemicals to undergo a†¦show more content†¦According to George and Wagner, â€Å"†¦would it be better instead to subject all species, present and future, with the suffering and death caused by diseases that may go untreated because vital medical research is cut off?† Their point is that animal testing is a crucial part of medical advancements and without it we would not just hurt animals, but all species as well as humans in general. People who are against animal testing perceive this as an avoidable form of research. The anti-animal testing advocates tend to take on the argument of the ethical boundaries that animal experimentation is crossing, and they believe that the actions caused by experimentation are cruel and unnecessary. However, there are numerous non-emotional stands against this issue as well like the differences in a humans anatomy compared to a rat or guinea pig, or any other species. An example of this took place during the research of lung cancer; the differences that were present prevented scientists from further understanding the disease better. Anti-animal testing activists would argue that there are other means of research like computer modeling of in-vitro cells. This is where cultures of human or animal cells are tested instead of a whole animal. While The Animal Welfare Act does enforce rules of how animals should be taken care of properly, this does not apply to mice and rats, whichShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Management And Management2177 Words   |  9 Pagesclassical perspective on scientific management. Proper names of Taylor s approach initially included store management and process management. 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Philippine National Heroes Of The Philippines - 1583 Words

Philippine National Heroes Most, if not all countries have people that engineered their formation as a nation or free their territory from foreign occupants. Sometimes, there is a person that stands out among all heroes that is respected and acknowledged by the majority of the population in a certain society. As a national hero he or she is called to the state in which the person give his or her all to the point of dying in order to obtain the cherish freedom that eludes them. In the Philippines, there are two people in its history that stands out among the rest as the champions of freedom, Andres Bonifacio and Jose Rizal. Bonifacio and Rizal still divides the Filipinos today of who really is the national hero of the Philippines. The different opinions about these two heroes didn’t cause social unrest of course, but it is still an issue that lingers in the minds of the Filipinos. Therefore, the purpose of this essay is to evaluate who is among the two, Bonifacio or Rizal, is worthy of to be called the P hilippines national hero by discussing their similarities and differences. No two people are exactly the same. Even twins who have the same genetic make-up have differences in their personality and physical attributes. Andres Bonifacio was born poor and was orphaned early in life. Hence, he has to stop schooling in order to earn a living. He self-educate himself by reading the works of Victor Hugo, Jose Rizal, Eugene Sue, books about the French Revolution and the biographiesShow MoreRelatedPhilippine National Heroes Of The Philippines1589 Words   |  7 PagesPhilippine National Heroes Most, if not all countries have people that engineered their formation as a nation or free their territory from foreign occupants. Sometimes, there is a person that stands out among all heroes that is respected and acknowledged by the majority of the population in a certain society. As a national hero he or she is called to the state in which the person give his or her all to the point of dying in order to obtain the cherish freedom that eludes them. In the PhilippinesRead MoreA Survey Of Theories Of International Migration1544 Words   |  7 PagesThis literature review starts with a survey of theories of international migration, the emergence of Filipino Labour Diaspora, focusing on the role of the Philippine state. Consequently, it examines the role of Canadian state in attracting FLCMs to work as domestic workers in Canada. Lastly, it examines the role of the market in perpetuating gender role and victimization in labor diaspora. 1. Theories of International Migration Theories of international migration studies often neglect the roleRead MorePhilippine Nationalism1449 Words   |  6 PagesNationalism is a multidimensional social construction reflected in the communal identification with ones nation. Nationalism is further oriented towards developing and maintaining a national identity based on shared characteristics such as culture, language, race, religion, political goals or a belief in a common ancestry. Nationalism therefore seeks to preserve the nations culture. It often also involves a sense of pride in the nations achievements, and is closely linked to the concept of patriotismRead MoreIntercultural Interaction : My Family Friend Tiffany Ramseur From The Philippines978 Words   |  4 Pagesinteractive essay is about my family friend Tiffany Ramseur from the Philippines. The Philippines is a Southeastern Country in the Western Pacific comprising more than 7,000 islands. Its capital, Manila, is famous for its waterfront promenade and centu ries-old Chinatown, Binondo. Intramuros, a walled city in colonial times, is the heart of Old Manila. The Philippines population is 100,998,376. The Politics of the Philippines take place in an organized framework of a presidential, representativeRead MoreCharacteristics of a National Hero4693 Words   |  19 PagesProclamation of National Heroes and Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures | Executive Summary No law, executive order or proclamation has been enacted or issued officially proclaiming any Filipino historical figure as a national hero. However, because of their significant roles in the process of nation building and contributions to history, there were laws enacted and proclamations issued honoring these heroes. Even Jose Rizal, considered as the greatest among the Filipino heroes, was not explicitlyRead MoreA Movie Review on El Presidente1626 Words   |  7 PagesFilms | | Scenema Concept International | E. Own Synopsis The story is told in flashbacks as Emilio Aguinaldo thanks the US government for giving him the opportunity to attend the full restoration of Philippine independence on July 4, 1946. The film begins with his capture by Philippine and US forces under Frederick Funstons command in 1901, then flashes back to 1886, when an old woman gives Aguinaldo and childhood friend Candido Tirona cryptic prophecies. Ten years later, Aguinaldo is inductedRead MoreBuwan Ng Wika1951 Words   |  8 PagesNATIONAL HEROES DAY Eidul Fitr is an important celebration for Filipino Muslims, marking the end of the month-long fast during Ramadan and marks the beginning of the month Shawwal. Also known as â€Å"Eid-al-Fitr†, â€Å"Wakas ng Ramadan† and â€Å"Pagtatapos ng Pag-aayuno†, it is a national public holiday for all in the Philippines. Originated by the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, Eidul Fitr is a cause for celebration and thanks giving to Allah. Eidul Fitr has been proclaimed a national holiday in the Philippines sinceRead MoreRoots of the Filipino Character852 Words   |  4 Pagesorder discipline. Example: Palusot syndrome, nakaisa, nakalamang, nakadaya 3.Lack of National Consciousness – This weakness is observed in the systematic miseducation of Filipinos. 4.Colonial Mentality – The Filipinos suffer from national amnesia and colonial mentality. Example: 1.lack of patriotism and national integration 2.the strong preference for imported goods, and foreign ideas and ways. 5.PassivityRead MoreThe Philippine Administrative System1709 Words   |  7 PagesThe Philippine Administrative System When talking about Philippine Administrative System, first thing that comes to mind is about the government and its political divisions in the country. It is about the nations’s political hierarchy such as the central government, provinces, municipalities and barangay. However, these divisions and subdivisions can be attributed to our past history. It is not a plant that simply blooms from nowhere. The Philippine Administrative System is dynamic, shaped and evolvedRead MoreAll About Dr. Jose Rizal4524 Words   |  19 PagesNational hero Introduction: Rizal has always been considered as a national hero created in part by the American government in the past. The present government has no formal declaration of who our national hero is, but they do recognized special days in commemoration of the heroes in history like Rizal and Bonifacio. Let us examine the government effort in recognizing the possible national heroes of history in order to serve as an example for us. What is heroism? What does it take to be a hero

A Compromise Is Defined As An Agreement Or Settlement Of A...

A compromise is defined as an agreement or settlement of a dispute reached by two or more parties making concessions. The first amendment case law we reviewed in class seems to reflect a great deal of compromise, but not in a positive manner. It was troubling, paradoxical and even cruel. The rulings appeared to disregard ideals of human decency and yet, conversely, are said to set up a positive framework for future minority groups. In Hurley, LGBTQ discrimination is condoned under the guise of speaker autonomy. In Dale, LGBTQ exclusion is justified under expressive association. Both example the dangers of coming to a parley over human rights issues with a traditionalist, polarized group. That is to say, in making the weaker, singled out†¦show more content†¦Another counter argument may be Milton’s theory of the marketplace of ideas. That is to say â€Å"good† ideas usually dominate â€Å"bad† ones over time. This would support first amendment cases in th e sense that content should not be censored. Yet, it seems that this attitude leads to a social air of accepting LGBTQ discrimination under a theoretical guise without taking notice of the effects on the individual. Thus, I think there needs to be some aspect of an omniscient perspective that examines wether a decision further subjugates a historically battered group. Starting off with Hurley, first amendment protections were applied because parades were â€Å"public dramas of social relations† and could â€Å"carry subjects of communication and consideration†. I agree with this statement but find it vexing that the definition of expression has become so stretched that it overwhelms the issue at hand in order to suit the defendant’s claim. I see it as nothing more than a clever way to grant more basis and protections by making it an issue of free speech and therefore, of speaker autonomy. That is to say, negating an overarching perspective on impact, the courtâ €™s compliance with the exclusion of minority groups to follow a â€Å"central coherency† really seems to contradict previous cases like United States v. Virginia. It is merely because Virginia is an issue of sex based equal protection and the other two are first amendment rights issues that the resultShow MoreRelatedMediation Is A Type Of Alternative Dispute Resolution1365 Words   |  6 PagesMediation is a type of alternative dispute resolution that gives the two disputing parties a third party to help them discuss and revise their points of conflict. The mediator acknowledges the points of which the parties are in agreement upon and builds upon those to create a solution between the two parties. Similarly, arbitration includes a third party that listens to the two disputing parties. However, in arbitration the arbitrator or the third party gives a final decision. In most cases,Read MoreDiscuss the Processes Available in Alternative Dispute Resolution1469 Words   |  6 Pagesavailable in alternative dispute resolution and explain its advantages and disadvantages Alternative Dispute Resolution Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) includes methods of processes and techniques that are used to resolve disputes or disagreements outside the jurisdiction of the law. As explained by Paul Latimer (p 51 of the Australian Business Law CCH Handbook 2006) The Alternative Dispute Resolution Association of Australia has defined ADR as meaning  ¡Ã‚ §dispute resolution by processes: Read MoreDifference Between Distributive And Mediation1526 Words   |  7 Pagesduring the negotiation (Han, Kwon, Bae Park, 2012). The aim of this paper is to indicate the meaning of distributive bargaining and mediation with several key features of each strategy. The main differences between distributive and mediation in dispute resolution will elaborate further in this paper. Further, advantages and disadvantages of both strategies will also listed below attached with examples of implying each approach that will use in different situations. Findings and argument explainedRead MoreStages and Strategies o f Collective Bargaining1499 Words   |  6 Pagesorganizations, with a view to the regulation of terms and conditions of employment by collective agreements. Collective bargaining could also be defined as negotiations relating to terms of employment and conditions of work between an employer, a group of employers or an employers organization on the one hand, and representative workers organizations on the other, with a view to reaching agreement. There are several essential features of collective bargaining, all of which cannot be reflectedRead MoreEssay about The Negotiation Process1911 Words   |  8 Pages When parties cannot reach an agreement or the power between parties is imbalance, mediators will be demonstrated the significant impact on solving problems and encourage negotiators to achieve consensus. This essay will expound four different types of mediator, which include settlement mediator, facilitative mediator, therapeutic mediator and evaluative mediator. Areas of practice for different styles of mediator also will be stated. Moreover, what kinds of dispute will be solved by different typesRead MoreDeepa V Goodman Law. In The Case Of Deepa V Goodman Law1001 Words   |  5 Pagesto the making of a voluntary agreement between the parties merely because litigation is on foot at the time the agreement is made. The appellant, Deepa, was given false advice about evidence she must submit including evidence regarding an affair she had with a nurse at big public hospital 12 years ago. Due to this, Deepa requested to settle on whatever grounds her lawyer could get with big public hospital, the big public hospital was not willing to make a settlement offer. Deepa then discontinuedRead MoreADR Learning Team Charter1157 Words   |  5 Pagesright route to take? That is the real question. Alternative Dispute Resolutions (ADR) is any method of resolving disputes other than by litigation. Public courts may be asked to review the validity of ADR methods, but  they will rarely overturn ADR decisions and awards  if the disputing parties formed a valid contract to abide by them. The two major forms of ADR are arbitration and mediation; but we can also mention others such as settlement conferences, neutral evaluation. Throughout our work we willRead MoreA Research On Alternative Dispute Resolution1691 Words   |  7 PagesAPPENDIX 1: A RESEARCH ON: alternative dispute resolution:a new trend in civil disputes resolution BY: ADETUNMBI WURAOLA FIWASEWA Being a research project to be submitted to the law department of Bridge House College In partial fufilment of the requirements for the award of certification in the University Foundation Programme CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this project work was written by Wuraola Adetunmbi Fiwasewa under the supervision of Barrister Boye GbajulayeRead MoreQuestion 1 . In The Case Of In Kendirjian V Lepore [2017]1329 Words   |  6 Pagescontents of a settlement offer to the client who then decides to continue the proceedings without any instructions from the client? The second legal issue was, did the Court of Appeal misapply the principle of advocate s immunity as identified in D Orta- Ekenaike when it found that the sheer commencement or continuation of proceedings fell within that principle? Question 2 Edelman J’s reasoning was that immunity from suit did not extend to negligent advice which leads to a compromise of litigationRead MoreDispute Resolution : A Conflict Diagnosis Approach1690 Words   |  7 PagesDispute Resolutions Many people go to litigation for resolving disputes without knowing the alternatives that may possibly be more beneficial to them. The textbook, â€Å"Alternative Dispute Resolution: A Conflict Diagnosis Approach† is a great book that defines and explains the different types of dispute resolutions that can be used to settle a conflict. Some of the dispute resolutions discussed in the book are suitable for specific disputes. And the different type of dispute resolutions has different

Impulsive Behavior free essay sample

Three American Writers specifically stood out amongst others: Benjamin Franklin, Frederick Douglass, and Theodore Rotten. Our current generation mainly views impulsive behavior as a negative characteristic or inclination. Nowadays, impulsive behaviors are often correlated with diseases or psychological problems. Benjamin Franklin (1731-1813) was one of the oldest authors we read In class. I learned much about Franklin from his autobiography. Franklin was dedicated, disciplined, and focused, which left no room for Impulses.Impulses often Involved spontaneity and the known, which would not follow Franklins type of life style. He set aside an hour each day for reading and never missed a chance to find new books. Although he was very disciplined, he felt like it was not enough. That is why he dedicated 13 specific virtues to follow: temperance, silence, order, resolution, frugality, industry, sincerity, justice, moderation, cleanliness, tranquility, chastity, and finally humility. He even set up a calendar to mark the virtues he had accomplished each day. On the top of his weekly virtue chart, he followed a saying, Eat not to dullness. Drink not to elevation (Franklin, 286). Not only did he have a calendar made up for virtues, but also he had a day-by-day schedule set up that accounted for each hour of the day. He would dedicate a certain amount of time for hygiene, work, reading, dinner and rest. In Benjamin Franklins life there was no room for profligacy. Someone that plans out every hour of everyday obviously does not leave any room for Impulses, and that was exactly how Franklin liked to live his life. He did not Like surprises and enjoyed knowing every detail of each day. To Franklin, family and love did not matter; the only re right around the corner, which is one of the reasons why Franklin was not very emotional. He eventually got married, but he was more thankful for the help his wife provided in the printing press than the emotional feelings he had for her. Franklin was not the only author we read in class that felt this way about impulsive behavior. Like Franklin, Frederick Douglass (1818-1895) was another older author who believed that impulsive behavior was a negative attribute.He was a self-educated slave and knew the only way that he would become free one day was to become erudite. He earned how to read and write by tracing the letters on the prows of boats. After reading his autobiography, it was easy to tell why someone like Douglass would hate impulses. He knew that if he ever acted upon impulses it was very likely he would have been beaten or even worse, killed. He also hated impulses because he knew when his masters beat him that they were acting out on impulses as well.For these reasons, Douglass could never agree with impulses or support anyone who acted upon them. Although Douglass and Franklin did not agree with impulses, there were many other authors we read in class who strongly supported them. Unlike his predecessors Franklin and Douglas, Theodore Rotten (1908-1963) felt that impulsive behavior should be embraced and enjoyed. He was a poet whose poems symbolized fate and destiny, which is normally defined by impulsive decisions. After reading many of his poems, I could tell that he did not make plans, and he Just acted upon his feelings and emotions.I got the feeling that he would follow his instincts no matter where they would lead him, God bless the Ground! I shall walk softly there, And learn by going where I have to go (Rotten 1146). Obviously, someone that Just allows his instincts is not very disciplined and does not plan out his life. He believed impulses were the only way to live ones life. In his poems you could derive a sense of spontaneity and originality. He explains how he followed his fate and thinks by feelings, l feel my fate in what I cannot fear. I learn by going where I have to go. We think by feeling.What is there to know? (Rotten 1145). Rotten wrote many of his poems about love, and as it suggests love is usually a spontaneous and intimate feeling. It seemed that as time progressed, the view on impulsive behavior hanged in American Writers from conservative to more acceptable. I wanted to see if the same shift took place in our culture as well so I decided to do my own research using the Michigan State University library system. It was difficult to find articles that supported both sides of the argument, but I eventually found two books that had conducted many studies and trials.I also found two Journal articles that helped support my thesis as well. Generally, my research showed that impulsively is regarded negatively. In Impulsively and Aggression, they explain how impulsively s a phenomenon that is present in all species and manifests as effects, emotions, and observable behaviors (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 28). Basically, this means that not only humans are susceptible to impulsive behavior, but also animals and other species. However, the focus of the research is on the effects of impulses on human decisions.The majority of the studies conducted in these different articles all seemed to come to one conclusion: impulsive behavior only leads to negative side effects. Every example of impulsive behavior in this book represented some sort of violence or disorder. Impulsively and aggression contribute to major public health decontrol (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 1). Basic emotions such as fear and anger are often defined as impulsive emotions, which are difficult to resist and may be harmful to themselves or others.Lolled, Hollander, and Kiddos reinforce this view, Traditionally, psychopathology states characterized by impulse behavior, such as substance abuse, rage, outbursts, violence, suicidal or self-destructive acts, binge eating, sexual promiscuity, or social irresponsibility, have been conceptualized as disorders of deficient impulse control 0. Lolled E. Hollander A. Kiddos ix). Not a single example in my sources supports a positive side to impulsive behavior. They constantly relate disorders such as kleptomania, pathological gambling, and pyromania to impulses.These studies used scales that measured impulsive behavior by using both personality dimensions and clinical syndromes. These scales are tools used for measuring the outcome of interventions. The effects of impulsive behavior are causing a need for concern, and therefore action must be taken to help prevent these individuals from hurting themselves or others. It is apparent that our current generations outlook on impulsive behavior is all- negative. This negative outlook has caused different treatment strategies throughout the years.The majority of these treatments involved medical psychiatric medications for borderline personality disorders (BAD) (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 263). The purpose is to control the aggression, hostility, impulsively, and liability of mood associated illnesses. There are many medications currently being used, but the most popular consist of Narcoleptics, Anticonvulsant, Anti depressants, and Serotonin Eruptive Inhibitors (Sirs). These treatments have greatly reduced the negative impulsive behaviors for specific patients.Narcoleptics have been the group of medications most studied in controlled trials investigating Pharmacological treatment of BAD (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 264). These agents are used based on their theoretical ability to dampen aggressive outbursts and decrease psychotic thinking. (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 264). Trials were conducted to test these narcoleptics against placebo control agents, which resulted in an improvement in anxiety, rejection sensitivity, and suicidal thoughts. Another treatment that helps decrease anxiety, irritability, and anger are Anticonvulsant.A trial was conducted to test the effectiveness of Anticonvulsant and eleven out of fifteen patients opted to remain on this medication after the study conclusion (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 266). Even when a small behavioral decontrol did occur, it was far less severe than while on the placebo. Antidepressants are also a very popular form of medication, but might not be the best for every individual. Studies conducted show that fifty recent of individuals felt improvements in irritability, energy, and depression were modest or unremarkable (E.Hollander and Dan J. Stein 266). The benefits of specific antidepressants are limited, and there is little data to suggest a diminution of impulsively in any of these studies. (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 267). Sirs have been proven to help with depression, panic, passionately, suicidal, self-injury, summarization, eating disorders, and anxiety (E. Hollander and Dan J. Stein 268). The most widely used SIR is Florentine, which has been the best studied of the Sirs for retirement of impulsive and aggressive symptoms.If Sung-Huh Choc had not acted Although earlier American Writers found impulsive behaviors more acceptable, it is apparent that impulsive behaviors lead to a state of chaos and pandemonium. As time progressed, the view on impulsive behavior changed from negative to more acceptable until a certain point was reached. After a certain point, impulsive behaviors took over and caused a state of chaos and pandemonium. The chaos these impulsive behaviors inhibited can be demonstrated as school shootings, terrorist attacks, or mental instabilities.It is important to control certain impulses because otherwise they can lead to severe consequences or even worse, death. Annotated Bibliography Impulsively and Aggression: edited by: E. Hollander D. Stein RECUR. 5. AAA 147 1995 ISBN/SINS: 32050080 ISBN: 0471953288 I chose this book because it describes how impulsively is a phenomenon that is present in all species and manifests as effects, emotions and observable behaviors. These descriptions are explained in different fields and disciplines, such as sociology, criminal Justice, epidemiology, and many more.These topics of discussion are extremely relevant to my research topic of impulsive behaviors. This book talks about the complexity of impulsive behavior and begins to break down its intricate details. This book really caught my attention when it began discussing how impulsively is a phenomenon in all species. I am very interested in this study and look forward to reading more about it. Impulsively and Compulsivity: edited by John M. Lolled, Eric Hollander, Andrew E. Kiddos RECUR. 5. 146 148 1996 ISBN: 0880486767 I chose this book because it not only discusses impulsive behaviors as mental problems, but as natural problems as well.It conducted many studies and trials that concluded impulses as negative traits that lead to severe consequences. As discussed in this book, these consequences often result in decisions that negatively impact themselves or the people close to them. This book also goes into depth about the disorders associated with impulsive behavior. It was a strong source that helped back up my thesis that impulses will ultimately lead to severe consequences. This book goes in depth about specific disorders and also discusses how certain disorders A New Self-Report Measure of Impulsively By: Joseph E.Gurus, Joshua A. Barras. Daniel J. Hyman online I chose this online article from Protest because it had research about a conducted experiment that tested the impulsively of a group of 346 undergraduate students. The research obtained from this study displays a variety of results that individuals make due to quick responses without thinking. The study also did a cross- validation of 363 similar subjects and compared the results. The information gathered from these studies is closely related to my research paper topic and was quite interesting.The information presented in this online source dealt with the impulses of undergraduate students like myself and really caught my attention, since I am currently an undergraduate student myself. The Joint Influence of Mood and A Cognitively Demanding Task On Risk-Taking By: Min Young Kim Ruth Canker SINS: 0146-7239 Protest document ID: 1903492161 DOE 10. MM 1031-009-9147-z I chose this online Journal article because it investigated the impact of negative mood states on risk-taking Judgment. Participants were administered a negative mood state induction and completed a measure of risk-taking experiments.

Molecular Weight of Volatile Liquid Using Dumas Method free essay sample

We have to stir the water in beaker to get the perfect temperature. * The rubber band which is used to tight the flask may release more vapour because the rubber band is not properly tight. The Dumas method is the method used to calculate the molecular weight of the substance. * This method has a condition that the substance used must be a liquid. The liquid that has boiling point above room temperature and below the boiling point of water. * After completing the experiment, we came to know that temperature and pressure effect the final result. The flask is completely filled with vapour only when it is removed from the hot water bath. However, when the flask cools some of the vapour condenses in the flask. As a result of this the final reading of the weight increases and affects the result. * The given sample (2–propanol) has molecular weight 60. 08 gm/mole and our result shows 56. We will write a custom essay sample on Molecular Weight of Volatile Liquid Using Dumas Method or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 43 gm/mole. So the percentage error is 6. 078%. * This is due to the effect of temperature. If we might had increase the temperature, them the result would be much closer than actual molecular weight of the 2-propanol. The measuring cylinder that has been used to measure the volume that might have some drop in the measuring cylinder. This result in increase in the volume and affect the final result. * The unknown sample given has molecular weight been found to be 76. 6026 gm/mole * The range of the molecular weight of the unknown sample was found to be 76. 53 gm/mole to 82. 68 gm/mole CONCLUSION: * The molecular weight of give sample (2-propanol) was found to be 56. 4286 gm/mole * The actual molecular weight of give sample (2-propanol) is 60. 08 gm/mole * The percentage error of give sample (2-propanol) was found to be 6. 78%. * The molecular weight of unknown sample was found to be 76. 6026 gm/mole Answer: The flask is immersing in the boiling water bath but the temperature at upper part of the flask is lower than the bottom part. So, when the vapour is form in the beaker than it gets condensed in the same beaker. These errors develop variation in the weight of the flask. To minimise this error subtract and add the percentage error of the known sample to the molecular weight of the unknown sample. This will be the range of the molecular weight of unknown sample.