Long Essay Essay Example for Free

Long Essay EssaySupport, Modify, or Refute The Monroe dogma ushered in a innovative eon of US foreign policy The Monroe Doctrine was established in the early 19th century written by, of course, James Monroe. This document ushered in a new era of US foreign policy by stepping their foot down and showing the rest of the world how powerful they could be. This was when the US was slowly figuring out(p) the power they could hold. This document stated that the US will not permit the following Interfering with affairs in the Western Hemisphere, attempts to create new colonies in the Western Hemisphere, and the overthrowing of new colonies. These were said to be, Dangerous to our peace and safety. These statements clearly support how the US wanted to flex their muscles and flaunt independence. Foreign policy before the Monroe Doctrine was hurtle into place is almost a polar opposite of foreign policy after the doctrine was put into place. Before the Monroe Doctrine, the US showed m ultiple examples of neutrality.For instance, on April 22nd, 1793, George Washington issued a proclamation of neutrality, which in turn declared the nation neutral in the counterpoint between France and Great Britain. After the Monroe Doctrine was put into place, Macons Bill No. 2 (passed by Madison) went into effect, which was an opposite extreme of Washingtons proclamation of neutrality. With Macons Bill, the US is at once agreeing to trade with everyone (even France), except for Great Britain (The bill was originally passed to motivate both France and Britain to stop seizing American Vessels). This obviously causes copious amounts of tension between countries, and is notwithstanding again, a sign of strength and power coming from the US.Napoleon saw Macons Bill No. 2 as a smashing chance for him to move along his, Continental Plan. Now that Britain was unable to trade, this meant they were weak as a whole, but mainly their economy was in turmoil. Macons Bill No. 2 was the main cause of The War of 1812. This was a war between the US and Great Britain and Ireland (British ally). The war was basically a conflict because neither country could get over their egos, which is yet again, another example of how the US showed great strength (and a little stubbornness) in this arrest of time.

Narrative style of the novel Essay Example for Free

Narrative mood of the novel EssayComment on how the expression contributes to the rationality of the character, plots, theme and narrative style of the novel Chapter 6 is presented to the auditory modality entirely in the past with no hindsight. Once again it develops the plot showing the children develop closer to enceintehood, yet still not quite thither, not understanding the consequences of their actions was it you two? , I look away. The language from the modulation in the hard defend page 111 to 113 contributes to the understanding of the characters, plots, themes and narrative style of the novel. The section about the hierarchy in trees only further reinforces the naivety and stupidity to the character Stephen. Stephen has an obvious sense impression of hierarchy and in this case the sour smell of the elders and its humiliating position at the very bottom of the hierarchy of trees. This continues into the familiar world out here at the end of the Lanes, ie the hi erarchy of humans where the levels convey Stephens actual opinion of the concept of hierarchy and social status. This shows how immature Stephen is and however evident is his naivety. fulfill more what is a narrative essayIn hindsight Frayn exposes the audience to the intentional irony of the sliver framed heroes at the highest to the lowest an old derelict fetching refuge who are the same person. Frayn has emphasised this hierarchy from the beginning. Stephen feels in triumph that for once he perceives himself higher than roughlyone else in the human precedence and the language emphatically robusts this. This only reinforces that younger is obsessed with hierarchy only after the discussion of hierarchy is there a sense of realisation. The language in this modulation contributes the understanding in the theme of mystery and adventure.Stephen relies on this adventure to prove himself to Keith and in doing so show Keith that hes not the only one who can recall of plans and proje cts. The use of personal pronoun I used more frequently than other times (7) conveys Stephens awareness that at this point in the adventure, wherein he can contribute, is a way he can gain approval of others even at the exploitation of the tramp. The passage for the first time shows an all time low in the adventure and rain blows as deliberate violence. This marks a key turning point in the plot as they have to fine some reason for their expedition as they have lost Mrs Hayward.The language used to describe the old mans feelings are just some of the feelings evoked that explain hardly what the boys have been doing bullying, and in doing so, the language also introduces the theme of memory. Frayn draws economic aid to this key theme by making older Stephen interrupt his story to remind the audience that the Stephen who was once a victim of bullying is now the perpetrator. This narrative style is a device that suggests implausibly that older Stephen is telling the story and also dra ws attention to memory as a concept and theme.Not only that, but it helps the reader understand that the reason I (Stephen) throw down my iron bar, is to hypothecate what Stephen knew at that point in time is that what he was doing was bullying. In this passage Frayns presents the language as a way of children going on to do adult things but without adult hindsight and therefore reminds the audience that they are still developing unable to foresee the consequences of their actions. The language is deceptively simple in style, but the passage in Chapter 6 shows a subtlety in language.From the beginning of the passage Stephen shows this spunk class social ranking which leads him into his so called heroism that is particularly associated with middle class values. This duty he is estranged with towards Keith was particularly powerful conception in times of war and for Stephen it shows a development in his character and what he is prepared to do out of duty for Keith. Thus, Frayn cleve rly uses linguistic devices and in this case exploits the language in order to contribute to the understanding of the characters, plot, themes and narrative style of the novel.

Conceptual Framework For Research Sociology Essay

conceptual Framework For seek Sociology EssayABSTRACTThis choose foc habituates on the em office staffment of women through various programmes and schemes in the region, country and across the world sponsored and supported by Government or non Government Organizations. This article consists of follow-up of literary productions on womens em abilityment through various programmes. Womens say-so is an fester old concept spotlighting improving the scotch status of women and thorough participation for the development of economy. Existing historical entropy and status of various programmes provides better scenario for stepping in upward direction. Here the contemplate emphasizes from the concept of women dominance to the empirical evidences taken from various analysis, past reexamines, Government Reports and literature avail able on it. Main header of reviewing womens empowerment practices bring together the aspect of viewed and neglected parts of empowering women which fulfi ls the need of implementation of schemes, r distri preciselyively at them in a proper manner later covering the lacking parts.Keywords dominance, Women, Programmes, Conceptual, EmpiricalINTRODUCTIONEmpowerment of women is not save limited till the term empowerment applies to the women or special group of women in particular atomic number 18a but also it means to develop them in all dimensions. Here the main concern towards development of women. Study starts not only from that there is strong need for womens empowerment today but why they need empowerment first. Answer of this could be some clock conflicting if there is superstar suppressed group, really need empowerment whether this could be men or women.A habit poser for the study based on the ideas and concepts gleaned from existing literature helps a seeker to plan and manage research in a comprehensive manner. Existing literature also helps to know the previous research work through with(p) in particular expanse and it acts like a torch as well as backbone for new studies for new researchers. All the researches are exploratory in nature as these carried out in ever-changing environment. Here an attempt is do to put some of the closely related literature review under two study heads.Conceptual framework for look forEmpirical framework for ResearchConceptual framework for ResearchIn Conceptual framework for research, problem statement can be casted within the context of conceptual or theoretical framework. A conceptual framework is described as a set of broad ideas and principles taken from relevant fields of enquiry and used to structure a subsequent presentation (Reichel Ramey, 1987). As with all investigation in the cordial world, the framework itself forms part of the agenda for negotiation to be scrutinized and tested, reviewed and reformed as a result of investigation (Guba Lincoln, 1989)1.Although many of the researcher view the Conceptual and Theoritical framework as a synonymous and some cast it into research with slight difference. Most researches report the problem statement within the context of a conceptual or theoretical framework. A description of this framework contributes to a research report in at least two ways because it (1) identifies research variables, and (2) clarifies relationships among the variables. Linked to the problem statement, the conceptual framework sets the stage for presentation of the specific research fountainhead that drives the investigation being reported. For example, the conceptual framework and research question would be different for a formative evaluation study than for a summative study, even though their variables might be similar.2 In this way literature survey is found in different dimensions as function, Empowerment and Womens EmpowermentParticipation of Women embodied in the Process of EmpowermentWomens empowerment programmes and Economic EmpowermentPower, Empowerment and Womens EmpowermentAt the core of the concept of empowerment is the idea of power. The possibility of empowerment depends on two things viz., power can change and power can expand. If power cannot change, if it is inherent in positions or people, then empowerment is not possible. Shrilatha Batliwala (1995) defined Power as checker over resources, ideology and self, exersized in socio Political and Economic Context among someones and groups. The extent of power depends on how much and how many kind of resources they choose, excess to and control over. This leads to power of decision making. Jo Rowland (1997) has identified quadruplet-spot different forms of power viz., (1) Power over Control and influence over others, instrumentation of domination, (2) Power to- generative or productive power which creates new possibilities and actions without domination. (3) Power with- a sense of whole being greater than the sum of the individuals especially when group tackles problem together. (4) Power from within- The spiritual streng th and uniqueness that resides in each one of us and makes us truly human.The concept of empowerment is a product of early eighties it has its grounding in the changes in development thinking of the mid-1970s. The dictionary meaning of the word empowerment is-to give power to (person/group) to give them capacity to perform physical or mental activity, to delegate authority, to give healthy rights.3 Rapport (1987) describes the term empowerment as both individual determination over ones own liveliness story and democratic participation in the life of ones confede dimensionn often through mediating structures such as neighborhoods, voluntary organizations etc. Staples (1990) defined the term empowerment as means (a) to stumble power (b) to develop power to take or seize power (c) to facilitate or enable power and (d) to give or grant or permit power. One of the most detailed attempts at defining empowerment is found in Kabeer (1999). Defining empowerment as the ability to make choices, Kabeer contends that the definition entails change, in that only previously disempowered members of society can be empowered. He suggested that empowerment consists of three dimensions viz., resources, delegacy and graspments. Sunita Roy (1999) reported that empowerment of women should focus on aspects like (a) direct involvement of women in programming and management, (b) effective collaboration with community organizations, (c) organizing and strengthening of womens self-help groups, (d) sensitization and advocacy for sex justice in society, (e) identifying womens need and priorities while generating employment, (f) organizing women in different groups to sign certain productive activities to earn their livelihood and (g) elimination of violence and discrimination against women at physical, mental, domestic or societal level. Many researchers have stressed the richness of considering the empowerment in multiple domains (Isvan 1991 Kishor 1995 2000 Hashemi et al. 199 6 Mason 1998 Malhotra and Mather 1997 Jejeebhoy 2000 Beegle, Frankenberg, and Thomas (2001) Malhotra et al. 2002). For instance, Malhotra and Mather (1997) argue that power is multilocational and exists in multiple domainsit is important that any discussion regarding empowerment specify whether this is within the family, amicable or political spheres, and whether the locus of control is within the household or the community4 (p. 604). Malhotra et al. (2002) suggested womens empowerment needs to occur along the following dimensions economic, socio-cultural, familial/interpersonal, legal, political, and psychological. However, these dimensions are precise broad in scope, and within each dimension, there is a range of sub-domains within which women may be empowered.5 Empowerment is viewed broadly as increasing unworthy peoples freedom of choice and action to shape their own lives (Narayan 2005, p.4).Participation of Women embodied in the Process of EmpowermentWomen have played an im portant part in our social life and in our history in all(prenominal) branch of national activity from high learning to velour on the battlefield. Today, we pass apace through various phases of transition, which requires the rapid changes in our old foundations. The Indian woman, the majority that is, lives in her own clipping, in the rhythm, of her own history, which does not quite keep time with the clocks of the 21 century. Womens participation in the revolutionary movement (Mehta, 2004) was significant even when they were deprived of basic human rights in mens world. The list of women in India who contributed to the movement for equality is enormous. To name just a few, Sarojini Naidu, Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay, Vijaylaxmi Pundit, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Rajkumari Amrit Kaur took up the fight on several fronts. (Jha and poojary, 1998)6In general, Empowerment is a multi-dimensional social move that helps people gain control over their own lives. It is a process that fosters powe r (that is, the capacity to implement) in people, for use in their own lives, their communities, and in their society, by acting on issues that they define as important. Keller and Mbwewe (1991, as cited in Rowlands 1995) describe it as a process whereby women become able to organize themselves to increase their own self-reliance, to assert their fencesitter right to make choices and to control resources which will assist in repugn and eliminating their own subordination. Batliwala (1993) defines power as having two central aspects control over resources (physical, human, intellectual, financial, and the self), and control over ideology (beliefs, values and attitudes). If power means control, then empowerment therefore is the process of gaining control.Kabeer(1999 437)., in an influential paper, suggests that empowermentrefers to the process by which those who have been denied the ability to make strategic life choices acquire such an ability. Women should be able to define self- interest and choice, and consider themselves as not only able but also entitled to make choices (A. Sen 1999 G. Sen 1993 Kabeer 2001 Rowlands 1995 Nussbaum 2000 Chen 1992). Kabeer (2001) goes a step further and describes this process in terms of thinking outside the system and challenging the status quo.Sudharani et al. (2000) defined empowerment as the process of challenging existing power relations and gaining greater control over the sources of power. Empowerment is a process of awareness and capacity building, enhancing an individuals or group capacity to make effective choices, that is, to make choices and then to transform those choices into desired actions and outcomes (Alsop, Bertelsen and Holland, 2006, p.10). Shirin M. Rai et.al (2007) argued, while the local is important as a focus for debates on empowerment, we think the local must be embedded in the global and the national and vice versa. They argued that (1) empowerment may be sequential, (2) gender balance alone canno t be the process or outcome in a world ridden with poverty and class inequality, (3) we should use the empowerment language, but contest the way it has been neutralized and even abused.Womens empowerment programmes and Economic EmpowermentEven though outside work for women often means a trope burden, the empirical evidence supports the notion that access to work increases a womans economic independence and with it a greater level of general independence is created.7 According to Hall(1992) economic subordination must be neutralized for women to be empowered. The economic component of empowerment requires that women be able to engage in a productive activity that will allow them some degree of financial autonomy, no matter how small and hard to obtain at the beginning.8 The World Banks Action Plan to extend to economic empowerment through Smart Economics, for example, targets four key markets land, labor, product, and financial and measures this through policy initiatives to make m arkets work for women as well as agency initiatives to empowerment women to compete in markets. A prerequisite to empowerment, therefore, necessitates stepping outside the home and participating in some form of collective undertaking that can be successful, thus growth a sense of independence and competence among the women.9 Priority should be given to women in the allocation of work in such a way that at least one-third of the beneficiaries shall be women. Schedule II, Para 6, NREGA. The National Commission for Women (NCW), set up in 1992, has a mandate to safeguard the rights and interests of women. Universalisation of ICDS was contemplated by the end of 1995-96 through expanding its services all over the country. Sanjukta Chaudhuri (2010), in her paper Womens Empowerment in southwestern Asia and South East Asia A Comparative summary contributed to the literature on womens empowerment by exploring the time and birth cohort trends of womens empowerment in eight countries of Sout h Asia and South East Asia. The countries included are Bangladesh, India, Nepal, and Pakistan of South Asia Cambodia, Indonesia, Philippines, and Vietnam of South East Asia. Initially, she estimated the relationship between economic development and female labor force participation rate FLFPR (the U curve)10 apply information on 172 countries from 1990 2007. She further examined the influence of time on womens empowerment and performed a series of multiple regressions on six measures of womens empowerment variables separately for the eight countries, using individual level survey data for each country. The indicators of womens empowerment were economic participation, educational attainment, wage work, fertility, female to male sex ratio of living children, and the ratio of ideal number of daughters to sons. In Rajasthan, Jan Chetna Sansthan have promoted Ekal Naari Shakti Sangathan in Abu Road block, Sirohi in rate to help widows and single and separated women It works to ensure a rightful(prenominal) living for single women and addressing their problems. It also works towards getting them widow pension and other benefits under any government schemes. Deepshikha Mahila Bal Utthan Samiti came in to being in the form 1980, with the idea of promoting Welfare Policing Activities.1.3.1 Gender equity, equality and inequalityGender equality is considered an important issue for the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) because gender inequality is an obstacle to progress, a roadblock on the path of human development (UNDP, 2002, pp.6). Pradhan (2003) discusses the need to bring gender equality where men and women are considered equal in every sphere of life because .if you empower a woman, you empower her children, her community and her country (Pradhan, 2003, pp.51-57). Gender inequality can result in disadvantages and differentials for females in terms of life expectancy and children.s nutrition, denial of choice, lack of political representation, and lack of empowerment (Kabeer, 1999). Sen (2001) notes inequality between women and men can take very many different forms. Indeed, gender inequality is not one homogeneous phenomenon, but a collection of disparate and interlinked problems. Sen enumerates seven types of gender inequality, including mortality, basic facility, special opportunity, professional, ownership, and household inequality.In order to develop economy and increased participation of women, Government addressed the problem related to women and initiate to remove inefficiency through implementing various programmes like, Awareness Generation Projects for countryfied and Poor Women, CSWB Scheme, Develpoment of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), Family Benefits Scheme, Kishori Shakti Yojana, NORAD Scheme, Scheme for working Women Hostels, Swa Shakti Project, Swayamsidha Scheme, Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP), Science and Technology for Women and so on.Empirical Framework for ResearchR elevant research studies conducted in the past has great relevance for new research work and is a helpful tool to conduct research more than precisely. Empirical framework for research underlines the derived results from experiment and observations rather than theory. This is categorized into following subheadsImpact of Participation of women in Womens Empowerment ProgrammesEvaluation and analysis of Womens Empowerment ProgrammesConstraints see by rural women in Empowerment processImpact of Participation of women in Womens Empowerment ProgrammesHashemi et al (1996) undertook ethnographic research in six villages for four years to measure the effects of programmes on the empowerment of women. Two villages were Grameen Bank villages, two were BRAC villages, and the other two had no credit programmes. They used a model based on eight indicators of empowerment which weremobilityeconomic securityability to make small purchasesability to make larger purchasesinvolvement in major househo ld decisionsrelative freedom from domination within the familypolitical and legal awareness andinvolvement in political campaigning and protestsSrilatha et al. (1997) observed that a major gain of making the programme of SHGs women centred was that the transition of power from the bureaucracy to the people. Sen (1997) based on a case study in India, stressed the importance of empowerment of an individual in order to gain control over assets. Haimanti Mukhopadhyay (2008) studied the role of education in Women Empowerment in the district of Malda, West Bengal, India. Her exhaustive survey comprising forty two villages, tried to unearth the status of women, attitude towards girls education in society, problems hindering the education of women, the importance of marriage in womens life affecting education as well as the empowerment of women. During the survey, she felt that there was a very positive change at least among women in Malda district who are much more concerned about their d aughters education, as compared to their previous generation. The WHOs (2008) Tackling Social and Economic Determinants of Health through Womens Empowerment The SEWA case study experienced the SEWA as a social movement and a programme that aims to empower the ugly must be prepared to listen to the poor. Swedish transnational Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) noted that in implementing gender policies in development, it was time to move from treating the symptoms of gender inequality to address the structural factors that cause it.Women empowerment programmes made it possible to increase empowerment with increased participation of women. Clark et al. (1991) explored the impact of culture on female labor force participation in 135 countries for 1980. They use a combination of religion, political ideology, and world region variables to find evidence supporting the importance of culture in explaining womens labor force participation. Throughout the developing countries, innovative lending programs have emerged and In many of these programs it is common to find that a large percentage of borrowers are women. Based on a 1996 survey of microfinance institution around the world, the World Bank estimated that 61% of all clients were women (World Bank, 1997).2.1.1 SHG and MicrofinanceSelf Help Group (SHG) is a voluntary association formed for the purpose of engaging small enterprise. To form this organization, it requires a minimum of twelve individuals. K.C. Sharma (2001) maintained that through SHGs women empowerment is taking place. Rekha R. Baonkar 2001 studied the impact of SHGs on women in Goa and observed that individual loans were mostly for productive purposes with cent percent recovery. P.K.Awasthi, Deepak Rathi and Vimla Sahu 2001 in their study in Madhya Pradesh on the impact of SHGs on economic status of women observed that the SHG women were engaged in Mahua, mushroom cultivation, amachur papad making, pisciculture, nursery etc.An interesting study made by M.C. Athavale, K.G Sharma and A.M. Mishra 2001 in Madhya Pradesh under the leadership of Anganwardi worker, on the working of a particular SHG called Yoshoda Mahila Samithi(YMS) has helped the members to do saving and get loan. The repayment was coulomb%. Rajasekar D 2003 analyzed the impact of the economic programmes of SHARE, a NGO in Tamil Nadu on poverty simplification with the help of data collected from the households of 84 women members. Kabeer(2005) examined the empirical evidence on the impact of microfinance with respect to poverty reduction and the empowerment of poor women in South Asia. Prem Chander Vanguri (2007) highlighted the impact of microfinance programmes on womens empowerment in India. They compared Swashakti, Swayamsiddha, Swaran Jayanti Gramin Rojgar Yojana (SJGRY) and Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK) micro finance programmes for facilitating rural poor women in their access to micro credit.Evaluation and analysis of Womens Empowerment ProgrammesPandey conducted a study to assess the impact of Rashtriya Mahila Kosh (RMK). This study is based in the state of Maharashtra and was conducted to examine whether the RMK has been able to achieve its main objectives of reaching credit to poor women, enabling women to achieve economic independence and becoming aware about credit facilities and management. M.S. Jairath 2001 analyzed the growth and development of SHGs in Rajasthan taking two categories (1) resource poor tribal and (2) resource better of non-tribal. It was arrived that the average membership, rate of interest, size of borrowings were higher in the former, but the average amount of saving was higher with the latter. Deshmukh Ranadive (2002), in his study on Womens Access to Credit and Rural Micro-Finance in India has addressed issues related to data in the context of micro-finance interventions in rural areas. The vertical approach has shown how the data that has been collected, throws light on the different dimensions of the programme and the participants. NPC (2005) analyzed gender development in India in the context of interstate analysis with the help of state rankings on the basis of calculating the average of the standard values of the 52 criteria indicators. Dwarakanath H.D 2002 analyzed the characteristics and growth of self help groups in Andhra Pradesh and found that the SHGs using the loan facilities from the accommodating credit banks, commercial banks, mahila bank and Maheswaran banks, have produced more than 50 varieties of products. Abdul Hayes, Ruhul Amin and Stan Becker 1998 analyzed the relationship between poor womens participation in micro credit programmes and their empowerment by taking both SHG and non-SHG members in rural Bangladesh.Rajasthan Microfinance Report-2010 revealed that Good quality Self Help Groups create mutual trust and a sense of solidarity among members. This raises their presumption to deal with socio-economic problems of their family and their village, all by t hemselves. Women empowerment can further be boosted by promoting four ideologies, which can be taken as indicators of success a) nothing tolerance of domestic violence in families of all SHG members in Rajasthan b) 100% girl child enrolment in educational institutions in families of all SHG members c) 100% institutional infant delivery d) 50% participation of women SHG members at village development committees . Milestones should be set for every year in order to achieve the stated objectives while progress should be tracked by measuring the indicators.In Rajasthan Womens Development Programme (WDP), conceived in 1984 when the idea of rural illiterate women mobilizing collectively was unthinkable. And yet, the programme enabled the evolution of womens collectives under the leadership of the Sathin, the grass root worker at village level, working tirelessly on a meagre periodic honorarium of Rs 350. The strength of the Sathins and these collectives was derived from the support str uctures provided by the partnership between the government and the voluntary agency arm of the programme IDARA (Information and Development and Resource Agency), with its primary role of training and providing creative and critical inputs.Constraints experienced by rural women in Empowerment processDuring the eighteenth century women suffered from several handicaps like female infanticide, sati (Sharma,1988), solitude (Mathur 2004), child marriage, illiteracy and subsequently forced child widowhood in the19th century. Women were treated no better than domestic animals. Moved by this extreme plight, great social reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Iswarchandra Vidyasagar, Sri Ramakrishna Paramhansa, Swami Vivekananda, Swami Dayananda Saraswati, M.G. Ranade, D.K.Karve and Mahatma Gandhi were in the forefront, fighting against social atrocities toward women (Jha and Pujari, 1998).11 Sing K.P (2004) says that among women who were working out of utter economic necessity, the majority were dissatisfied with the time they spend with their children and the time they allocate to their home 57 percent of working women have alternate arrangements for their children either a mother or a mother-in law or a maid to look after their children. Beckers (2005) model of effort allocation implies that an hour of a mans time produces more of value to an employer than an hour of equally skilled and experienced women who has greater responsibilities. This in true influences both employers treatment of equally capable male and female employees and workers subsequent decisions about investing time and energy in household versus market-work. The model implies that small initial disadvantages faced by women in the work-place can lead to extreme results in the division of labour in the household, occupational segregation and earning difference.FootnotesSmyth, R. (2004). Exploring the usefulness of a conceptual framework as a research tool A researchers reflections. Issues In Educational R esearch, 14(2), 167-180.McGaghie, William C. Bordage, Georges Shea, Judy A., Problem Statement, Conceptual Framework, and Research Question September 2001 Volume 76 Issue 9 p 923.Banerjee NK, Grassroot empowerment (1975-1990) A discussion paper, Occasional paper No.2, CWDS, New Delhi, 1995, p.2.Malhotra, A. and M. Mather. 1997. Do schooling and Work Empower Women in Developing Countries? Gender and Domestic Decisions in Sri Lanka. Sociological Forum 12(4), p. 604.Malhotra, A., Schuler, S. R. and Boender, C. (2002) Measuring Womens Empowerment as a protean in International Development (Washington, DC, The World Bank), p. 13Haimanti Mukhopadhyay, The Role of Education in the Empowerment of Women in a District of West Bengal, India Reflections on a Survey of Women , diary of International Womens Studies Vol. 10 2 November 2008, P. 218.Women, Education and Empowerment Pathways towards Autonomy, Report of the International Seminar held at UIE, Hamburg, 27 January 2 February 1993, edited by Carolyn Medel-Anonuevo,UIE(UNESCO Institute for Education) Studies 5 1995, Robert Seemann u Neumann p.15Ibid., p.15Women, Education and Empowerment Pathways towards Autonomy, Report of the International Seminar held at UIE, Hamburg, 27 January 2 February 1993, edited by Carolyn Medel-Anonuevo,UIE(UNESCO Institute for Education) Studies 5 1995, Robert Seemann u Neumann p.16.Results confirm the existence and upward shifting position of the U curve. Hence, the U curve estimates suggests that there is a time element gnarled in womens empowerment. Dr. Sanjukta Chaudhuri, December, 2009, Economic Development and Womens Empowerment, fromhttp//people.uwec.edu/chaudhs/PDFS/Chaudhuri%20Economic%20Development%20and%20Womens%20Empowerment.pdfHaimanti Mukhopadhyay, The Role of Education in the Empowerment of Women in a District of West Bengal, India Reflections on a Survey of Women , Journal of International Womens Studies Vol. 10 2 November 2008, P. 217.

Major Causes Of Voltage Instability

Major Causes Of Voltage InstablenessI. INTRODUCTIONPower organization constancy is defined as the characteristics of a short letter system to remain in a state of Equilibrium at normal operating conditions and to restore an acceptable state of off manage after a disturbance. The index systems ar heavily stressed due to the improverd blameing and this leads to emf stability problem. Voltage Stability can as closely as be called as the load stability. A power system lacks the capability to transfer an infinite amount of electrical power to the load. The main factor create voltage instability is inability of the power system to meet the demands for reactive power in the heavily stressed systems to keep desired voltages. Voltage instability in the system generally occurs in the form of a progressive decay in voltage magnitude at some of the deales. A achievable outcome of voltage instability is loss of load in an atomic number 18a, or tripping of transmission rootages an d other elements by their protective system leading to cascading outages. FACTS devices expect been used, both for steady state power flow control and self-propelling stability control. Using controllable components, such as controllable series capacitors and chassis shifters, line flows can be changed in such a way that thermal limits are non violated and losses are minimized. These also increases stability margin, help in fulfilling contr authentic requirement, without violating system operating limits.II.VOLTAGE STABILITYANALYSISContinuation Power FlowContinuation power flow was introduced to solve this singularity problem. The continuation power flow can be described as a power flow solution that can maintain the stability of the power system infra normal and disturbances conditions. Therefore the main purpose of Continuation Power Flow is to find the continuity of power flow solution for a given load change.It employs the predictor-corrector scheme with an addition of loa d parameter and the technique used is local parameterization. find 1 Predictor and Corrector illustration in CPFAs shown in Fig.1, it starts from a known solution and uses a tangent predictor to venture a subsequent solution corresponding to a different value of the load parameter. This estimate is then corrected using the same NR technique employed by a conventional power flow. The local parametization provides a means of identifying each question along the solution path and plays an integral part in avoiding singularity in the Jacobian.First let represent the load parameter such that0 fineWhere =0 corresponds to set up load and = critical corresponds to critical load. We incorporate into conventional Newton Raphson load flow equations. Load change in PLi and QLi cost are modified by breaking each term into two components- one corresponds to original load and other represents load change brought about by a change in load parameter . ThusPLi= PLi0 + (kLi Sbase cos i) (1 )QLi= QLi0 + (kLi Sbase sini) (2)Where the following definitions are makePLio, QLio original load at tutor i, active and reactive respectively.kLi multiplier to designate the rate of load change at bus i as changesi power factor angle of load change at bus iSbase- a given quantity of apparent power which is chosen to provide appropriate scaling of In addition, the active power generation is modified asPGi = PGio (1+ kGi ) (3)Where PGio is the active generation at bus i in the base case and kGi is a constant used to specify the rate of generation as varies. Now the Jacobian gets modified with the addition of a saucily element d. The tangent vector is calculated and the predicted solution is determined. With the local parametrization technique corrected solution is obtained.B. Contingency Ranking1) Static Loading edgeContingencies such as unexpected line outages often contribute to voltage collapse blackouts. These contingencies generally reduce or even eliminate the voltage stability margin. To maintain security against voltage collapse, it is desirable to estimate the effect of contingencies on the voltage stability margin. Action can then be taken to increase the margin so that likely contingencies do not cause blackout.Contingency can be defined as to a condition which involves removal of line, gulf of generator or transformer. This creates a condition which disturbs the normal state of the system and may lead to voltage instability. A number of methods have been proposed for motionless voltage stability base contingency ranking. However there exists a need of efficient method requiring minimum computational time to accurately rank the contingencies based on static voltage stabilityFigure 2 Static loading marginThe system contingencies have been ranked based on post contingency VAR requirement using two methods-Static Loading Margin (SLM) and oxidizable Compensation Index (RCI). True ranking of the various contingencies have been obtained consi dering post-contingency static loading margin. The foremost step is to perform continuation power flow by using PSAT software. The static loading margin is the distance between the base case operating point and the nose point. A contingency having smaller value of the static loading margin can be considered more unplayful.2) Reactive Compensation IndexReactive compensation index is used to perform voltage stability based contingency ranking by measuring hardship of the outages. It is based on the premise that the distance between the normal case (pre contingency) nose point (max loadability point) and the post-contingency case nose point can be approximated by the total reactive injection required at the load buses to maintain similar voltages. The ranking obtained by reactive compensation index is compared with the true ranking.III. FACTS DEVICESThe negotiable AC transmission systems controllers have been established as an effective means in improving the system stability includi ng voltage stability, enhancing loadability and also providing voltage control.TCSCFigure 1 shows the simple diagram of TCSC comprised of a series capacitor bank, shunted by a Thyristor Controlled Reactor (TCR), to provide a smoothly variable series capacitive reactance. It is a one-port circuit in series with transmission line it uses natural commutation its switching frequency is low it contains insignificant energy storage and has no DC port. Insertion of a capacitive reactance in series with the lines inherent inductive reactance lowers the total, effective impedance of the line and thus virtually reduces its length. As a result, both angular and voltage stability gets improved. However, the sub synchronous series resonant frequency is produced that introduces negative damping of generator models leading to unstable system. That is the reason for not placing TCSC between lines having generators at both the ends.Figure4 Equivalent circuit of TCSCSSSCStatic Synchronous Series Comp ensator (SSSC) is a voltage sourced converter based series FACTS device that provides capacitive or inductive compensation independent of line current. The SSSC is a synchronous voltage type compensator which is analogous to an ideal electromagnetic generator that produces a set of alternating voltages at the desired fundamental frequency with controllable amplitude and phase angle. The operating principle is based on conventional series capacitive compensation which is used as a means of reducing the line impedance, which in turn increases voltage, current and transmitted power across given somatogenetic line. The SSSC offers fast control and it is inherently neutral to sub-synchronous resonance.Figure 5 Equivalent circuit of SSSCIV. SENSITIVITY ANALYSISFor optimal locating of series FACTS devices, linear aesthesia of loading factor () with respect to line reactance has been computed using MATLAB coding technique. The calculation of the index is done such that transformers and l ines connected between generators at both ends are excluded. The line having the most negative value of the /Xij sensitivity factor for the critical contingency cases has been identified for optimal series FACTS devices location.Sensitivities are calculated under severe outage conditions at a stressed point near to maximum loadability point i.e. the determine of voltage, angle and power factor are taken at the critical point as obtained from Continuation Power Flow results. The optimal location of TCSC localisation has been considered in a line producing maximum in each line A criterion for the optimal placement of TCSC, in this work, has been that it should not be placed in aq line connecting two generator buses.V. DYNAMIC ANALYSIS self-propelling voltage stability is analyzed by monitoring the Eigen values of the linearized system as a power system is progressively loaded. When the parameter varies, the equilibrium points of the dynamic system also vary accordingly, and so do the Eigen values of the corresponding state hyaloplasm ASYS. The equilibrium points are asymptotically stable if all the Eigen values have negative real parts. The point where a complex conjugate pair of Eigen values reaches the imaginary axis with respect to changes in is known as Hopf Bifurcation point.Power system oscillations are associated with a pair of complex Eigen values of equlibria crossing the imaginary axis of the complex plane, from the left half plane to the proper(a) half plane, when the system undergoes sudden changes. If this particular dynamic problem is studied using gradual changes it can be viewed as Hopf bifurcation problem. Thus by predicting these types of bifurcations well in advance, a possible dynamic instability problem may be avoided.Figure 6 Hopf Bifurcation pointVI. RESULT AND DISCUSSIONSTo implement the optimal placement two case studies were taken of IEEE 14 bus system and 39 bus New England system. The software packages used in the system analys is are MATLAB, and PSAT (power system analysis toolbox)A.STATIC ANALYSISContinuation power flow for intact system was performed and SLM was found toState of the systemDivergence pointWeakest Bus constitutional2.885With TCSC3.104With SSSC3.204Table 2 Comparison of loadability of the 14 bus systemLine outagesSLMTrue RankingRCIRanking1-2*10.30812-30.559320.279821-50.559640.129235-60.6550830.127147-90.706650.08155Table 1 Contingency based ranking for SLM and RCI for 14 bus systemFig7 PSAT simulink model of IEEE14 bus Test systemFor the placement of series FACTS devices sensitivity index for various cases is calculated and it is inferred that line 1-5 is the optimum location as the index is having most negative value for it. Newton Raphson load flow was performed on the 14 bus system and the values of P load were incremented in steps of 0.2 percentage of loading with NR load flow being performed again on the modified system. The NR diverged at 2.88 times of loading and system suffered vo ltage collapse. The weakest bus observed to be is the 5m bus followed by 4m bus. With TCSC placement, the NR diverges at 3.1times loading while it does the same for 3.2 when SSSC is incorporated. Thus proving that compensation provided by series FACTS devices enhances the capacity of the system to bear stress in the form of increased load. The improvement in the voltage profile for the 5th bus is better with SSSC as compared to TCSC.B. DYNAMIC ANALYSISThe running game case considered for the dynamic analysis is IEEE 14 bus system. The approach to study the stability is Hopfield Bifurcation as already mentioned.For the analysis of dynamic stability, dynamic model of 14 bus system was made which includes synchronous generators and AVR connected at the PV buses apart from the other static components. After obtaining the Hopf bifurcation of the system for the weakest bus the optimal location of the FACTS devices is determined and they are placed accordingly to provide stability to the system.The power flow is performed for the intact system and the Eigen values are found to be negative with PL = 0.076 p.u. at bus 5. When the PL is increased to 2.419 times of the initial load, two Eigen values cross the imaginary axis leading to Hopf bifurcation and instability. To render stable conditions, TCSC is optimally placed in line 1-5 based on the sensitivity index already calculated and it is found that the load can be increased till 5.58 times of the actual load before reaching the Hopf bifurcation point. The comparison of the stable and unstable system due to increased loading effect is depicted by the Figures 9 and 10.The placement of SSSC is not possible as it produced negative compensation in the system which can be related to the presence 3 synchronous condensers in the IEEE 14 bus system. This is inferred from the fact that SSSC, also acting as a VAR generator at times, adds to the reactive power generated from the other dynamic components present in the system.VI I. CONCLUSIONStatic voltage instability in the system may occur due to deficit of reactive power. The reactive power requirement of the system may increase under severe contingencies. Therefore, contingency ranking based on Static voltage stability criterion, can be obtained based on the extra reactive support requirement from existing sources.Dynamic voltage instability, on the other hand has been attributed to Hopf bifurcation when one pair of Eigen values of the systems state matrix reaches imaginary axis, following change in the system parameters such as load.FACTS devices prove to be an effective remedy in enhancing system voltage stability. precisely due to high cost of FACTS controllers their placement should be such as to improve both static and dynamic voltage stability. The comparison between the placement of TCSC and SSSC has been shown for both the static and dynamic analysis. SSSC is found to be best suited for the static stability enhancement whereas the dynamic stabi lity improvement incorporates only TCSC.

Effects Of Deprivation on Child Development

Effects Of Deprivation on Child DevelopmentDeprivation, including neglect, is damaging to clawren mostly through the absence of an optimal environment and a lack of opportunities for reading, rather than through the active perpetration of abuse by c atomic number 18givers. Nevertheless, the effectuate mint be long lasting and stupefy important implications for the opportunities that these children begin in later life, and the lives of their children. It is at that placefore of utmost importance that friendly work involves an understanding of what is meant by privation and what the possible effects might be, in post that professionals may seek to counteract negative possible outcomes with positive actions. While exit can hear many different forms, this essay entirelyow attempt to focus on three broad argonas of deprivation in order to illustrate how childhood instruction may be adversely affected. The first area focuses mainly on how an impoverished and under-stimul ating environment, including poor opportunities for play, can lead to a lack of cognitive and ingenious increasement in children and babies. The second area will look at how a paucity of social interactions with others can lead to less developed social skills, including the development of empathy and guess of Mind (ToM). The final section will deal with the effect on childrens activated development of poor or inconsistent caregiving, including emotional neglect, and especially with a focus on attachment styles and doingss. It is however very important to none that while these different sections make distinctions between various types of childhood development, in fact all these areas are interconnected, and the distinctions here are made for the purposes of the essay alone. Finally, the essay will look at how social work practices can be adjusted to much effectively serve clients at risk of the adverse effects of deprivation.This section will focus on the effects of environme ntal under stimulation on childhood development. Deprivation can refer to lack of time (and their own skills) given by caregivers to expand children cognitively or lack of resources, such as books, play blocks etc for children to use, Or both. Children go through stages of intellectual development, as well as the development of skills. Without opportunities to practice and to succeed, children cant do this. They struggle to master skills, and they overly find it more difficult to develop satisfactorily through the stages of social development. In order to illustrate this, this essay will start by looking at the cognitive developmental theory of Piaget.Piaget is often the first call of response in any debate adjoin educational development, which is perhaps surprising as he was not (in the traditional sense) a psychologist, simply rather a genetic epistemologist (someone with an interest in the biologic explanation of knowledge.) (Bancroftcarr 1995). Despite this, Piagets compreh ensive studies pretend become part of the basis of developmental psychology, and are particularly relevant to discussions on the implications of cognitive deprivation.Piagets theory states that there are four main stages to development the sensorimotor stage, the preoperational stage, the concrete operational stage, and the formal operational stage. These four stages cover not only intellectual development, but in like manner the development of skills. If one or more of these stages are missed, the skills may never develop. Genie for example, the girl who was kept in a room with no contact or interaction until she was fourteen, missed out on every single stage of development. Although she was eventually taught to walk, she was, for example, never was able to speak grammatically and although her comely motor coordination was close to normal, she had extremely weak gross motor skills. She was also unable to focus on anything more than 13 feet away there was tinge of an in aptitude to unite touch and sight. (Curtiss, Susan (1977)Of course Genie is an extreme example for most cases of cognitive deprivation it is a simple case of care-givers not having the resources or the inclination to stimulate their children cognitively, leading to gaps in their childs development. For example, a child who is under stimulated, left in a cot or a familiar environment without new experiences and toys are more likely to try and create their own stimulation, eg by misbehaving, being destructive, and even harming themselves through actions such as hair pulling. A stimulating babyhood is also perceived as being integral for the creation of the parent-child affinity, and the development of self-soothing and self-regulatory abilities later in childhood (Thompson, 2001)The stilted development of children who are exposed to sensory deprivation during infancy, eg in an orphanage or deprived home, have indicated that stimulating experience are integral for not only development but als o survival (Robinson, M, (2011))Erikson also conducted extensive research on the effects of cognitive deprivation, but focused on the development of the ego. This theory is typically referred to as mastery the basic idea is that if a child masters a skill, this will create a sense of self confidence. If a child does not master a skill, eg learning to read or to communicate socially, they will have a low confidence in their ability to develop and learn and therefore they will do so at a slowed pace. Erikson believed a healthy ego propels the child in to the adjoining stage of development. (R.Green 1999)As stipulated, deprivation does not only refer to a lack of cognitive stimulation, but can also refer to the lack of social input into a child, where caregivers do not interact sufficiently, nor explore personal and social aspects of living effectively. This is often done through play, but also through modeling behaviour of caregivers encouraging children to care for teddies and doll s may avail children develop an empathic response to others. Children who do not have many opportunities for play with other children can also struggle. They find it difficult to understand the point of view of others and do not learn to modify their behaviour to fit in with others.Also important is the creation of containment and good enough parenting. Without this, children find it hard to cope with their own distress, or perhaps their frustration that everything is not done just the way they want it done. in that location are many possible effects of this deprivation which include a temporary or permanent delay in cognitive development, heightened aggression, emotional or social detachment, and an increase in the likelihood of depression in adulthood. (Myers, D. (2008) Exploring psycology)The other key thing to explore here is Theory of mind. Theory of mind is the ability to attribute mental states beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, etc.-to oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from ones own . (Premack, D.G Woordruff, G. (1978).)Children who are deprived in this area may well develop Theory of Mind and other social skills later in life, but the damage is done because their early lack of skills means that they lack friends, they lack confidence, and this can have a snowball effect, with lack of opportunities continuing in life because they are lacking in social skills and are often aggressive and detached.The effect on childhood development of emotional deprivation can be dramatic. Spitz and Wolf, in the 1940s studies of US orphanages, found that children who had no significant personal interaction at all could suffer from anaclitic depression, and that morbidity was extremely high, even where nutrition and medical guidelines were adhered to.( L. Cytryn, D.McKnew 1996)This is deprivation at its extreme. However, less extreme levels of deprivation can also result in poor deve lopmental prospects for children.An obvious area to discuss here is attachment. Children who are not securely attached find it difficult to have the confidence to explore their environments they are spending too much time in protective measures fearful children do not explore and do not therefore learn or develop . Mary Ainsworth developed a way to test childrens attachment to their caregivers called the strange situation, whereby children were left by, and then re-united with their caregiver. Children who were distressed upon contribution but easily comforted at the reunion are described as having secure attatchment (B. Inge 1992). Children with insecure attachment, who would be unable to be comforted or entirely unphased by the whole situation, often find it difficult later to make attachments to others, or are sometimes indiscriminate about attaching themselves to adults, and so are more at risk, for instance by being more vulnerable to abuse.The effect of emotional deprivatio n on development seems thoroughly studied, especially among send children who have had their emotional needs severly neglected through a lack of resources, time and inclination. All psychologists are well aware of the sometimes tempestuous desires and attitudes of those who matte up neglected and rejected in childhood. However, recently, mentally unavailable mothering has been identified as a real form of abuse.Another area to explore, connected to attachment, is the effect of relationship breakdown, lack of parenting through death or divorce. This is obviously to do with loss and bereavement as well, but can also be linked to deprivation and neglect, as Rutter in the Isle of Wight study has shown that acrimonious separations between par ents are much worse for children than when it is not acrimonious (E.Mash, R.A.Berkley) therefore it is more than just the loss itself which is the issue. When parents are not focusing on the wellbeing of children, they suffer academically they do less well in school, they are more likely to have early pregnancies, they are more likely to be unemployed and to get divorced themselves so the effect of deprivation really lasts into the next generations.All the effects of the deprivation this essay have discussed are likely to be perpetuated into the next generations. Parents who do not know how to play or interpret or communicate effectively without aggression or contain their emotions effectively, because of a deprivation in these areas when they were children, are less likely to enable their own children to have these skills as well.All of these forms of deprivation have massive implications for Social Work practice, and there are many places that social workers can intervene with this intergenerational transmission of deprivation. sensation example of this is Sure Start, which is currently under threat of being cut by the government. Sure Start is a multi disciplinary approach, including social workers, which is designed to help parents and babies/young children in deprived areas overcome the effects of early deprivation. Considering the devastating effects of deprivation, Social workers and other professionals need to have a heightened awareness of its universe and implications There have been studies showing that children who suffer from deprivation have more long term problems developmentally than children who suffer from physical abuse.There has also been a heightened Involvement of social workers in CAMHS (child and adolescent mental health teams) another multi disciplinary team, which deals with the mental health of young people and the reasons for their conditions. It has long been apparent that psychological health is directly linked to childhood deprivation, but only recently have social workers been seen to be working with other professionals to try and integrate more forestallative measures against the psychological effects of deprivation, rather than simply working to address the effe cts. Working alongside mental health professionals in order to pinpoint and prevent the causes and effects of deprivation is a new phenomenon, and one which has seriously changed the direction of modern social work practice.Links with community midwives, G.Ps, nurseries and primary schools, in order to identify those at risk early on, have become more and more important in Social work. Community midwives and GPs have to check on childrens weight and development and their relationship with their care-givers. More involvement and communication between the professionals around infants and children are integral tools in identifying the early signs of deprivation and its effect on development.Greater focus on and help for children leaving care is another step that the social work sector should be taking. These people will be the ones having children early, and the ones who are likely to continue the cycle of neglect and deprivation. They are also typically poorer, and economic deprivatio n can be a massive reader to neglect and deprivation in all its forms.In conclusion, there are many different strains of deprivation, all of them with devastating effects on childhood development, and all with relevant implications for social work. It would be prudent to point out at this point that all of the strains of deprivation are interrelated and to an extent interdependent, and often children who are exposed to one are almost undoubtedly exposed to another. For Social workers, the main focus should be on the importance of stopping the intergenerational transmission of the effects of deprivation. Early intervention is paramount in preventing these transmissions, and today more and more of the focus has been directed into prevention and rehabilitation, so Social workers are involved in more of a rehabilitating role, which will work to change the face of social work practice.

Essay --

Holocaust EssayOne of the worlds greatest events in the twentieth hundred was the Holocaust. This event was tragic and dreadful to all, deceased and alive, Jews. Between January 30, 1933 and May 8, 1945, over six million Jews were tortured then killed without having a say. Having to live day by day with this terrifying experience hammered in their minds, roughly three million Jews were blessed with survival. Only be careful and watch yourselves closely so that you do not forget the things your eyes have seen, or let them slip from your heart as long as you live. Teach them to your children and to their children after them. -Deuteronomy 49 From the Holocaust we learn that feelings are important aspects of our daily lives. We must protect ourselves from all evils. Every man has naturally occurring evil built inside of them. It is our duty as being man, to secure that evil. The Holocaust is an example of what can become if that evil is unleashed. Man has to be aware of his, and the evi l of others. If, however, evil is kept left alone, it may become stronger and more powerful. A person is not judged by their surroundings, but by the evil of its enemies.Man must learn to stop and respect those who differ. To do this we must avoid discrimination. Jews were discriminated because of their religious beliefs, appearance, and knowledge. Intolerance leads to unwanted hatred and cruelty. Man must steer clear of failing to care active the pain of others. When one dodges this action, he uproots cruelty. Cruelty shows proof of one being fulfilled with hatred. Hate was the cause of world destruction for Jews and other faultless victims. Hitler loathed Jews and because of this, he sought them out to be scapegoats. Although Adolf Hitl... ...truction, and becoming a follower. If these acts are ignored, the world can possibly be turned around, again. Some go against the thought of believe what took place between those years of the past. Also, what can become in the near by fut ure. For others, six million guiltless lives had to be buried just for them to puddle that evil does exist and that it has potential. As a whole we must always believe that even the worst can happen. Man should never give up his freedoms. I personally pray that all people, the world, become aware of our own negativity before it gets out of control. The hatred and violent crimes has to be ceased. As knowing from the Holocaust, it only takes the hatred of one to commit to disaster. I also believe that for some, such as Hitler, their say is the only say. In my opinion, man is not born(p) evil or good, he simply adjusts to his society.

Interpersonal Relationships In Swamp Angel and Fifth Business Essay

Interpersonal Relationships In swampland Angel and Fifth Business In the novel Swamp Angel the main character, Maggie, asserts that swimming is like living , it is done alone. This is, in fact, a very telling statement with respect to the life of both Maggie and the life of Dunstan, the main character in the novel The Fifth Business. Maggies comparison of life to swimming raises interesting points about the way in which each of the devil characters proceed along the road of life. Maggies statement is actually a simile which compares swimming alone to living life. In most cases a simile is apply to take certain characteristics of one entity and to bestow them upon another entity in which they are not usually found. Maggies comparison of swimming alone to life is no different. It is broadly held, in modern society, that life is a journey that is made with the help of others. Intimate interpersonal relationships are viewed as support systems in life. Many hatful view these relationships as that which makes life worth living. Maggies statement directly refutes these claims. When one is swimming alone there is no one to rely on for gum elastic and guidance. The owness of survival, in essence not drowning, falls squarely upon the shoulders of the swimmer alone. Maggies comparison leads one to believe that the same is true for life. In life , as in swimming alone, one should rely only on oneself for survival. Maggies comparison of life and swimming alone, and all that it implies, can easily be viewed as the personal adage that both Maggie and Dunstan live by. Each character is very strong willed and independent as one would expect. Anyone who lives life alone would have to be both of these. the characters in like manner sha... ...stan to be less of a man and in turn himself to be the greater man.Through analyzing the personal relationships of both Maggie and Dunstan many similarities can be found. both characters display a pattern of maintaining re lationships which lack depth. that is to say that the relationships never reach an emotional level where intimacy is evident. I also becomes evident that both characters haughtiness themselves on independence. Neither character is willing to lean on another person , as this is viewed as weakness. If these characters can be viewed as spokespeople for Ethel Wilson and Robertson Davies it would seem as though both authors would agree with Maggies statement that swimming is like living, it is done alone. This statement is defiantly applicable to both characters but it seems dangerous to walk out that the characters are representative of the authors.